What term describes learning that two stimuli are related?

• A. Classical conditioning
• B. Operant conditioning
• C. Observational learning
• D. Latent learning

Answer: (A)

Associative learning through pairing two stimuli is the idea here—classical conditioning. In this form, a neutral stimulus becomes meaningful by repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally evokes a response. After enough pairings, the neutral stimulus alone elicits a response, now called a conditioned response. A classic example is a bell (neutral) paired with food (unconditioned stimulus) that causes salivation (unconditioned response); after several pairings, the bell alone triggers salivation (conditioned response). This distinguishes it from operant conditioning, which links a behavior to its consequences; observational learning, which happens by watching others; and latent learning, which is knowledge that isn’t shown until later.