Which term describes dog aggression as including dominant, defensive, and pain-elicited forms?

• A. Proprioception
• B. Aggression
• C. Internal Receptors
• D. Pain

Answer: (B)

Aggression describes the spectrum of hostile or threat-related behaviors dogs show, including dominant, defensive, and pain-elicited forms. Dominant aggression involves asserting control or rank, often in social situations. Defensive aggression is a fear-driven response to a perceived threat. Pain-elicited aggression occurs when a dog reacts aggressively in response to pain or discomfort. Together, these are different manifestations of aggression, so aggression is the appropriate umbrella term for this range of behavior. Proprioception is the sense of body position, not a behavioral category. Internal receptors isn’t a standard term for this topic. Pain is a sensory experience, not the behavioral label used to describe these patterns.